Unit+5

THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL PROSPERITY
**Have you ever thought about ways to improve society?**

**1. What are some areas of society that need improvement?** The judgment of others- it's not good most of the time


 * 2. What are your ideas for improving these areas of society? **I have no idea

**By 1900, Europe was divided into two economic zones**. **One zone was highly industrialized, and the other was still largely agricultural.**


 * 3. Identify the countries or regions that made up each zone. ** Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Germany, the western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy made up an advanced industrialized zone. Southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia were still primarily agricultural.


 * 4. How was the Second Industrial Revolution different from the first Industrial Revolution?** The first Industrial Revolution changed the production of textiles, iron, and coal. In the Second Industrial Revolution, new industries arose in steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum. New methods for shaping steel made it useful in the building of lighter, smaller, and faster machines and engines. Electricity was discovered, which changed the lives of people forever. The combustion engine was created as well.


 * 5. What was the main difference in the beliefs of pure Marxists and revisionists? ** Pure Marxists wanted to overthrow capitalism by a violent revolution. The revisionists believed that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms.

THE EMERGENCE OF MASS SOCIETY
Elite **** - ** the most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants. Members of the elite became leaders in the government and military.
 * Have you ever thought what your life would be like if you were unable to read? What problems would you have? How would this affect your ability to find a job? ** If I couldn't read then I would not be able to do most things that I can do now. It would be almost impossible to get a job because I wouldn't even be able to fill out a resume!
 * 6. List the groups or occupations that made up the elite, the middle classes, and the working classes in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century.
 * Middle** **Class** - lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, and chemists. Beneath this group was a lower middle class of small shopkeepers, traders, and prosperous peasants.
 * Working Class** - peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers. The urban working class consisted of many different groups, including artisans and semi-skilled laborers. At the bottom of the urban working class were the unskilled laborers.


 * 7. What changes were made in cities in the nineteenth century to improve the public health? ** City governments created boards of health to improve the quality of housing. Dwellings were now inspected for health hazards. New building regulations required running water and drainage systems for all new buildings. New systems of aqueducts, tunnels, and pipes made this possible.


 * 8. In what ways did the lives of urban workers improve after 1870? ** Reforms created better living conditions in cities. As wages increased and the cost of consumer goods declined, workers could buy more than just food and housing. Workers now had money for more clothes and even leisure activities. At the same time, strikes were leading to 10-hour workdays and Saturday afternoons off.


 * 9. How did the Second Industrial Revolution open the door to new jobs for women? ** A high demand for relatively low paid white-collar workers led many employers to hire women. Industrial plants and retail shops both needed clerks, typists, secretaries, file clerks, and salespeople. Women also took jobs in the fields of education, health, and social services.


 * 10. What were the two main reasons that Western nations made a commitment to public education? ** One reason was industrialization. The new firms of the Second Industrial Revolution needed trained, skilled labor. Both boys and girls with an elementary education now had new job possibilities. These included white-collar jobs in railways, post offices, and the teaching and nursing fields. A second reason for public education was political. Giving more people the right to vote created a need for better-educated voters. Primary schools also instilled patriotism. The most immediate result of public education was in increase in literacy.

THE NATIONAL STATE AND DEMOCRACY

 * Have you ever thought what your life would be like if you had been born in a different country? What do you think would affect you more— the difference in economics or the difference in political systems? ** It depends where you go. There would be a huge difference between Switzerland and Vietnam.
 * 11. By 1907, Europe was divided into two opposing camps. List the countries in each of the two alliances. **


 * 12. What reforms did the Liberal Party make in Great Britain to keep the support of the workers? ** First, trade unions grew, and they began to favor a more radical change of the economic system. Second, in 1900, a new party, the Labour Party, was formed. It was dedicated to the interest of workers. Third Republic was set up to proclaim a republican constitution. The new gov- ernment had a president and a legislature made up of two houses.
 * 13. Why did conservative forces in Germany support a strong foreign policy? ** They believed that expansion abroad would not only increase profits but also divert people from pursuing democratic reforms.


 * 14. What land did the United States acquire in the late nineteenth century? ** The Samoan Islands in the Pacific, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
 * 15. What sequence of events led to the formation of the Triple Entente? ** Otto von Bismarck created an alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879. In 1882, Italy joined the alliance. The Triple Alliance of 1882 united Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy in a defensive alliance against France. Bismarck had a separate treaty with Russia and tried to remain on good terms with Great Britain. William II fired Bismarck and took control of Germany’s foreign policy, then dropped the treaty with Russia. In 1894, France and Russia formed a military alliance. By 1907, an alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia—known as the Triple Entente—was formed.


 * 16. What tensions existed in Europe at the beginning of 1914? ** The Serbians blamed Austria-Hungary for their failure to create a large Serbian kingdom. Austria-Hungary was convinced that Serbia was a threat to its empire and must be crushed. Wars between Balkan states in 1912 and 1913 created more tensions between the great powers.

** TOWARD THE MODERN CONSCIOUSNESS **

 * Do you like modern art? Who is your favorite artist? Is there a particular movement that you are especially interested in? ** I like it, and my favorite artist is probably Picasso. I don't know any movements.

This idea led to an understanding of the vast energies contained within the atom and to the Atomic Age. To some people, however, a relative universe was a universe without certainty.
 * 17. How did Einstein’s theory of relativity change people’s view of the universe? **
 * Theory** - space and time are not absolute but are relative to the people observing them.


 * 18. Why did so many Jews decide to emigrate around the turn of the century? ** There was too much persecution and hostility toward and discrimination against Jews **.**


 * 19. How did photography contribute to the decline of realism in painting? ** Naturalists felt that literature should be realistic and address social problems. They believed that the external world was only a collection of symbols that reflected the true reality—the human mind. Artists started painting what they felt and making more abstract ways of doing things. The abstract form of painting began in 1910**.**