Unit+4


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Summary:** The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation.

1) Major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport took effect 2) There was a whole lot bigger work force because the percentage of children who lived past infancy rose significantly 3) Because of the Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution, more people found jobs in areas such as weaving and they worked at factories 4) The steam engine was invented and improved 5) The first Industrial Revolution lasted a time period of almost 200 years 6) Textiles, Steam Power, and Iron Founding were all made in the second half of the 18th century 7) John Smeaton rediscovered concrete, which was lost and forgotten for 13 centuries 8) Iron was becoming a lot cheaper and they were getting more of it, it became a major material used to create the iron bridge, which was created by Adam Darby in 1778 9) The United States originally used horse-powered machinery to power its earliest factories, but eventually switched to water power 10) Another theory for the cause or the revolution was that the british advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress. 11) The existence of the entrepreneurial class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic. 12) Steam power was one of the many innovations made in the second half of the 18th century. 13) Textiles, steam power, and Iron founding allowed the economic take off by which the Industrial revolution is usually defined. 14) The application of steam engines to powering cotton mills and ironworks enabled these to be built in places that were most convenient because other resources were available, rather than where there was water to power a watermill. 15) Knowledge of new innovations was spread in several ways, the most common was for someone to make a study tour. 16) All through the industrial revolution and for the century before, European countries and America engaged in study touring. 17)There were publications describing technology such as Lexicon Technicum. 18) The first real attempt at industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery. 19) The development of all metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century made it easier to manufacture more production machines. 20) The first industrial revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the second industrial revolution around 1850.
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Section One
Actually I have been to one history museum but I've never seen these before.
 * Have you ever been to a history museum? Have you seen any early invention used in the textile industry, such as a flying shuttle, a spinning jenny, or a cotton gin? What were these invention like?**

1. Agricultural practices in the eighteenth century had changed. 2. With more abundant food supplies, the population grew. 3. Britain had money to invest in the new industrial machines and factories. 4. Natural resources, such as coal and iron ore, were plentiful in Britain. 5. Britain had a free society that did not place many regulations on trade. 6. Britain had a huge empire that gave the British many markets for their goods
 * The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. List 6 factors that help explain why the Industrial Revolution began there.**

Factory owners wanted to use their new machines constantly. As a result, workers were forced to work in shifts to keep the machines running all day. Workers migrated from rural areas, where they were used to hectic work followed by periods of rest. Factory owners created a system in which employees became used to working set hours and doing the same work over and over.
 * How did factories create a new labor system?**

Great Britain had become the world's first and richest industrial nation, they produced one-half of the world's coal and manufactured goods. By 1860, only 50 percent of American workers were farmers. Labor for the growing number of factories in the Northeast came mainly from the farm population.
 * What countries were the first to be industrialized in continental Europe? Why?**

Because of an increase in the food supply, more people were better fed and resistant to diseases. Famine disappeared from most of western Europe. Cities and towns grew dramatically in the first half of the nineteenth century. It was all directed form the industrialization. There were downsides to it, however. The new industrial middle class was made up of the people who built the factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were. Their qualities included initiative, vision, ambition, and often, greed.
 * In what ways did the industrial revolution change the social life of Europe?**

Section Two
Yes, I like freedom and being able to give it to people
 * In the 1800s, liberals were people who supported ideas such as individual freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and religious freedom. Do you think you would have been a liberal in the 1800s? Why or why not? **

Liberalism: based on Enlightenment principles, believed that people should be as free as possible from government restraint, all people had the right to basic civil liberties, and wanted religious toleration and the separation of church and state. Conservatism: based on tradition and social stability, favored obedience to political authority and believed that organized religion was beneficial to order in society, and hated revolutions and were unwilling to accept demands from people who wanted either individual rights or representative governments.
 * Compare and contrast the philosophies of conservatism and liberalism (concentrate on Government/Religion/Civil Rights). **

The great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.
 * What was the principle of intervention? **

Conservatives feared these changes and tried hard to repress nationalism, but many liberals supported it. What revolutions took place in Europe in 1848? ** There were severe economic problems in France The monarchy was over thrown New constitution was ratified Elections for the presidency were held in December; Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won Cries for change led many German rulers to promise constitutions, a free press, and jury trials A revolt also broke out in Lombardy and Venetia, two provinces in Italy that were part of the Austrian Empire. Austrians had regained complete control over Lombardy and Venetia. Italy was not unified.
 * How did conservatives and liberals feel about nationalism in the early nineteenth century? **

Section Three

 * Have you ever wondered what our country would be like today if the South had won the Civil War? Have you ever thought what it would be like if each state were its own separate country with its own government and national leaders? How would this affect your life? ** We wouldn't be a free country and that would really be bad...I don't really know what it would be like

Crimean War - caused by conflicts between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Effects were that it was poorly planned and poorly fought. Heavy losses caused the Russians to seek peace.
 * Identify some of the causes and effects of the following wars. Crimean War, Franco-Prussian War, United States Civil War. **

Franco-Prussian War - caused by the encouragement of the growing rift between Prussia and France in order to bring the states of Germany into a national union. Effects were that the French Troops' withdrawal made it possible for the Italian army to annex Rome on September 20, 1870. Rome then became the capital of the united Italian state.

United States Civil War - it started when the opinions over slavery grew more divided and agreements became less possible. Throughout 1860 and 1861, more and more Southern States were withdrawing from the United States, forming a rival nation, the Confederate States of America. In April, fighting began between North and South - the Union and the Confederacy. After this war, most of the nations slaves were forever free.


 * How did the Crimean War destroy the Concert of Europe? ** The Crimean War was poorly planned and poorly fought. Heavy losses caused the Russians to seek peace. By the Treaty of Paris in 1856, Russia agreed to allow Moldavia and Walachia to be placed under the protection of all the great powers.


 * How did the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian Wars contribute to the unification of Italy? ** Italy was allied with Prussia. When Prussia won in these wars, they gave land to Italy. Austro war giving Venetia, and Franco war giving the city of Rome.


 * How did Prussia achieve German unity? **Even before the war ended, the southern German states had agreed to enter the North German Confederation. On January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser (emperor) of the Second German Empire. German unity had been achieved.
 * What was the Compromise of 1867? ** Austria and Hungary had their own constitution, legislature, and bureaucracy, but shared the same leader, foreign policy, and army.
 * What was the main issue that divided Federalists and Republicans in the United States before the War of 1812? ** Federalists wanted the government to hold supreme power over states, and Republicans wanted states to have some individual power.

**Section Four**
Have you ever read the novels A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, or Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens? Perhaps you have seen the movies or plays based on these novels. What is the main theme of these novels? **I've only seen the movie, A Christmas Carol, and I think the main theme of that one was that money should not matter enough to take control of your life.

Romantics emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as ways of knowing, they also valued individualism, the belief in the uniqueness of each person. Many romantics had a strong interest in the past such as, they revived medieval architecture and built castles, cathedrals, and other public buildings in a style called neo-Gothic. Some of the writers were:
 * Summarize the main emphases and themes of romanticism and realism, and list some of the important writers and artists in these two movements. **
 * Walter Scott
 * Mary Shelley - who wrote Frankenstein
 * Edgar Allen Poe - his poems were examples of Gothic literature

Realists rejected romanticism, the realist writers wanted to write about ordinary people from real life rather than romantic heroes in exotic settings. They also avoided emotional language and used precise description. Some of the writers were:
 * Gustave Flaubert - he perfected the realist novel
 * Charles Dickens - HUGE author


 * How did many romantics view science and industrialization? ** They saw science as viewing nature as a cold object of study, and that industrialization would rip people from their inner selves and the nature around them.


 * How did achievements in science and technology contribute to secularization in the nineteenth century? ** Some scientific findings contradicted teachings of religion, one namely being that humans are a product of nature rather than a product of God.

**What literary form did realist writers prefer?** A common form, where it shows life as it is rather than extending out to fantastical or fictional forms.