Unit+7

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 * 1) 1 Do you like change? Why do you think many people are resistant to change? It depends on what kind of change. If it is huge in terms of rulers and country-wide change, I don't really like it. Starting over and totally forgetting things the way they were isn't what I like to do. I think some people are resistant because they are afraid of what might happen and afraid that things will e so new and out of their control.


 * 1) 2 Have you ever read any books about China? What are some customs or traditions in China? How are they the same or different from your family’s customs or traditions? Yeah I've seen a couple movies. They celebrate Chinese New Year, which isn't the same as our New Year. Some wear kimonos instead of jeans and a t-shirt . Tea and rice are some of their biggest foods and drinks, normally Americans eat pizza and chicken, and drink soft drinks.They use chopsticks, we use forks. We shake hands, they bow.

7-1

 * Terms**


 * Sphere of Influence** - an area or region that has control over another area or region's cultural, economic, military and/or political influence.
 * Link**: []
 * Support:** A country within the "sphere of influence" of another more powerful country may become a subsidiary of that state and serve in effect as a satellite state. Also used to describe non-political situations, e.g. shopping mall is said to have a sphere of influence which designates the geographical area where it dominates the retail trade. Many areas of the world are considered to have inherited culture from a previous sphere of influence, that while perhaps today halted, continues to share the same culture.

Link: []
 * Extraterritoriality** - the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law. It can also be applied to military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations.
 * Support:** Often extended to friendly or allied millitaries, particularly for the purposes of allowing that military to simply pass through one's territory. Japan recognized extraterritoriality in the treaties concluded with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, France, and Russia in 1858. It is distinguished from personal jurisdiction in the sense that extraterritoriality operates to the prejudice of local jurisdiction.


 * Indemnity** - a sum paid from A to B by way of compensation for a certain loss suffered by B
 * Support**: Forms of indemnity include cash payments, repairs, replacement, and reinstatement. In common parlance, indemnity is often used as a synonym for compensation or reparation. Compensate another party to a contract for any loss that such other party may suffer during the performance of the contract.


 * Boxers** - "Righteous Harmony Society"
 * Support:** The uprising took place in response to imperialist expansion, growth of cosmospolitan influences and missionary evengelism. In 1898 local organizations emerged in Shandong as the result of the imperialist expansion, as well as other internal issues such as the state fiscal crisis and natural disasters. Initially they were suppressed by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty of China. Later, the Qing Dynasty attempted to expel Western influence from China. Under the slogan "Support the Qing, destroy the foreign", Boxers across North China attacked mission compounds.


 * Open Door Policy** - the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries
 * Support:** In 1902, the United States government protested that Russian encroachment in Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was a violation of the Open Door Policy. When Japan replaced Russia in southern Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) the Japanese and U.S. governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria. In finance, American efforts to preserve the Open Door Policy led (1909) to the formation of an international banking consortium through which all Chinese railroad loans would agree (1917) to another exchange of notes between the United States and Japan in which there were renewed assurances that the Open Door Policy would be respected, but that the United States would recognize Japan's special interests in China. The Open Door Policy had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties (1917) between Japan and the Allies, which promised Japan the German possessions in China on successful conclusion of the war.


 * Questions**

To improve their balance of trade with China, the British sold the Chinese.... Opium

As a result of China losing the first Opium War to Britain: The Treaty of Nanjing, the first of the unequal treaties, granted an indemnity to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island, ending the monopoly of trading in the Canton System. The war marked the end of China's isolation and the beginning of modern Chinese history.

In the Treaty of Tianjin after the second Opium War, China agreed to: In June 1858 the first part of the war ended with the 4 Treaties of Tientsin, to which Britain, France, Russia, and the United States were parties. These treaties opened eleven more ports to Western trade.

The Qing dynasty’s “self strengthening” reforms included "Self-Strengthening Movement"

The Qing dynasty was weakened by its military power was weakened after numerous defeats. They were also overruled by the Xinhai Revolution.

7-2

 * Terms**


 * Sun Yat-Sen** - Chinese revolutionary and political leader. Sun played an instrumental role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty in October 1911


 * Provincial** - meant from anywhere outside the capital.


 * Guomindang** - Chinese National People's Party formed in 1912 after the overthrow of the Manchu Empire, and led by Sun Zhong Shan (Sun Yat-sen); founded in 1894.


 * Qing -** was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ; was founded by the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro in what is today northeast China


 * Revolutionary Alliance -** was a secret society and underground resistance movement organized by Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren in Tokyo, Japan, on 20 August 1905.


 * Questions**

The coming of Westerners changed the Chinese economy by... a few reasons, some including: the home textile industry was almost eliminated. The price of products had to greatly decrease. Lower prices caused lower living standards.

Yuan tried to rule China without political power

When the Nationalists’ rebellion failed, Sun Yat-Sen fled to Japan

When General Yuan Shigai died in 1916, China was left without any generally recognized central authority and the army quickly fragmented into forces of combating warlords. For this reason he is sometimes called the Father of the Warlords.

By 1925, many urban, middle-class Chinese people still lived on land,, and few peasants supported Sun Yet-San's party. In effect, the events of 1911 were less a revolution than a collapse of the old order.

7-3

 * Daimyo** - They were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 10th century to the early 19th century in Japan following the Shogun.
 * Support**: It's a generic term referring to the powerful territorial lord in premodern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings. In the term, "//dai//", literally means "large", and "//myō//" stands for //myōden// meaning private land. From the //Shugo// of the Muromachi Period through the //Sengoku// to the daimyo of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history.The term "daimyo" is also sometimes used to refer to the leading figures of such clans, also called "lord". It was usually, though not exclusively, from these warlords that a shogun arose or a regent was chosen.


 * Port Arthur** - a district in the municipality of Dalian, Liaoning province, China.
 * Support**: It has an excellent natural harbour, the possession and control of which became a casus bellin the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Japanese and then Soviet administration would continue until 1953. During the first decade of that period, it was world famous and was more significant than the other port on the peninsula, Dalian proper. In Western diplomatic, news, and historical writings, it was known as Port Arthur, and during the period when the Japanese controlled and administered the Liaodong (formerly Liaotung) Peninsula it was called Ryojun.


 * Commodore Perry** - the commodore of the US Navy who forced the opening of Japan to the West.
 * Support:** sought “to bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations.” Perry brought with him a letter from President Fillmore. The US president asked for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked on the Japanese islands. (Foreign sailors shipwrecked in Japan were treated as criminals and exhibited in public cages.) He also requested the opening of foreign relations between the United States and Japan. Under military pressure, Japan agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa. It provided for the return of shipwrecked American sailors, the opening of two ports to Western traders, and the establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan.


 * Prefectures** - indicates the office, seat, territorial circumscription of a Perfect. The term //prefecture// is also used to refer to offices analogous to prefectures.
 * Support**: It has been used most prominently to denote a somewhat self-governing body or area since the tetrarchy, when emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empireinto four districts (each divided into dioceses, grouping under a //Vicarius// a number of Roman provinces, listed under that article), although he maintained two pretorian prefectures as an administrative level above the also surviving dioceses (a few of which were split).


 * Concessions** - the act of a losing candidate publicly complying to a winning candidate after an election, when the overall result of the vote has become clear.
 * Support:** Concession, //per se//, is entirely optional, and a candidate will sometimes refuse to concede defeat despite the vote count being against them, especially if they suspect electoral fraud. In that case the candidate would likely demand a recount of the votes or other investigations into the alleged fraud. Sometimes concession may be denied not because of any specific fraud allegations, but simply because of ill will accumulated over the campaign.

Questions
The Meiji Restoration was responsible for? creating a “rich country and a strong state” and to guarantee Japan’s survival against the challenge of Western nations.

The Meiji reformers created a new imperial army in 1871, based on compulsory military service

Describe the Meiji education system. the education ministry adopted the American model of elementary schools, secondary schools, and universities. It brought foreign specialists to Japan to teach in the new schools. In the meantime, it sent bright students to study further. Much of the content of the new educational system was Western in inspiration, but a great deal of emphasis was still placed on the virtues of loyalty to the family and community. Loyalty to the emperor was especially valued. Both teachers and students were required to bow before a portrait of the emperor each day.

The Meiji Restoration developed Japanese interest in Western culture and values.

The 1904 war between Russia and Japan resulted in Japanese forces moving into Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula