Unit+8

Part 1
**//Define//**
 * Ethnic** - deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people; cultural; relates to intense nationalism
 * Conscription** - compulsory (mandatory) military service
 * Alter** - change or cause to change
 * Anticipate** - expect: regard something as probable or likely
 * Behalf** - in the interest of or on someone's part
 * Mobilization** - act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency
 * XC; What were the four long term causes of WWI?** Nationalism, Militarism, Imperialism, and Secret Alliances

**//Identify//**
 * Triple Alliance** - the military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914.
 * Triple Entente** - the alliance between the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.
 * Archduke Francis Ferdinand** - was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
 * Gavrilo Princip** - was a Bosnian Serb patriot, associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna. He assassinated the Ferdinand Duke and had tuberculosis.
 * Emperor William II** - was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.
 * Czar Nicholas II** - was the last Czar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.
 * General Alfred von Schlieffen** - was a German field marshal and strategist who served as Chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906.

**//Questions//**
 * 1. How did the Lusitania contribute to drawing the United States into World War I?** On February 1915, Germans created a submarine blockade in the British Empire's Ocean's, sinking several belligerent ships, which included the Lusitania. The United States then threatened the German Government causing them to back down. Later in February of 1917, Germany then declared unrestricted submarine warfare threatening the ideals of neutrality, commerce and security. The German U-Boats wanted to sink supply ships in order to starve the Britain islands of their goods. The German's naval policy was the major reason why the United States declared war on Germany. The sinking of the Lusitania was the biggest influence of American in WWI. It was so much of an influence that it was said without the sinking of the Lusitania, the United States most likely would not of entered the war.


 * 2. What were some of the results of the growth of nationalism in the nineteenth century?** the desire of subject peoples for independence -It led to a series of national struggles for independence among the Balkan peoples. Other powers got involved and caused much instability.


 * 3. What warnings and ultimatums did European countries issue in the summer of 1914? What were the results of these ultimatums?** On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian-Serb student and member of Young Bosnia, assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This began a period of diplomatic maneuvering between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain called the July Crisis. Wanting to end Serbian interference in Bosnia conclusively, Austria-Hungary delivered the July Ultimatum to Serbia, a series of ten demands which were deliberately unacceptable, made with the intention of deliberately initiating a war with Serbia. When Serbia acceded to only eight of the ten demands levied against it in the ultimatum, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. Strachan argues "Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria-Hungary's behavior must be doubtful. Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning".

//**Dates**//
 * June 28** - The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
 * July 23** - ** Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum. **
 * July 28** - Germany declares war on Russia. Russia allies w/France.
 * July 29** - Russia orders full mobilization.
 * August 1** - Germany declares war on Russia, following Russia's military Mobilization in support of Serbia; Germany also begins mobilization.
 * August 3** - Germany declares war on Russia's ally France.
 * August 4** - German troops invade neutral Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality.

//**Alliances and Wars**// Austria-Hungary Declares war on Serbia Serbia alliances with Russia Russia declares war in Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary alliances with Germany Germany declares war on Russia Russia alliances with France

Part 2
//**Define**//
 * Propaganda** - information that is spread for the purpose of promoting some cause


 * Trench Warfare** - a struggle (usually prolonged) between competing entities in which neither side is able to win


 * War of Attrition** - a prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scale actions.


 * Suspend** - temporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect


 * Submission** - the action of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person


 * Assure** - tell someone something positively or confidently to dispel any doubts they may have


 * Total War** - a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded.


 * Planned Economies** - an economic system in which the state or workers' councils manage the economy.

**//Identify//**
 * Lawrence of Arabia** - a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt of 1916–18. His vivid writings, along with the extraordinary breadth and variety of his activities and associations, have made him the object of fascination throughout the world as **Lawrence of Arabia**


 * Admiral Holtzendorff** - was a German Admiral during World War I who became famous for his Dec 1916 memo to Kaiser Wilhelm about unrestricted submarine warfare against the United Kingdom.


 * Woodrow Wilson** - was the 28th President of the United Sates A leading intellectual of the Progressive Era, he served as President of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910, and then as the Governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913. With Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft dividing the Republican Party Vote vote, Wilson was elected President as a Democrat in 1912.

//**Questions**//
 * 1. How did the war on the Western Front turn into a stalemate?** Problems in communications contributed towards the stalemate because the communications between artillery was very poor


 * 2. Why did attempts to break through enemy lines rarely work under trench warfare?** because the people that were in the trench were almost completely hidden and the troops coming at them were completely open to being hit by gunfire


 * 3. In what ways did the Allies try to widen the war from 1915 to 1918?** Militarily and with war production and its assets as the "bread basket" of the world.


 * 4. What was the immediate cause of U.S. entry into World War I?** America was a late and reluctant entrant into the Great War. It was thrust into WW-II by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.


 * 5. How did World War I affect the lives of women in Western countries?** During the war women replaced mens jobs while they were fighting. they were also viewed as important at this time but when the war was over and the men returned, women had to go back to their old jobs like cooking and cleaning. women were also cheaper so people prefered to employ them during WWI

//**Allies and Central Powers**//

Russia (1914-17) France United Kingdom Italy (1915-18) United States (1917-18) Canada Australia Serbia Belgium Romania (1916-18) Greece (1916-18) Japan
 * Allied Powers** -

Austria-Hungary German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria (1915-18)
 * Central Powers** -

Part 3

 * // Define //**


 * Soviets** - an elected local, district, or national council in the former USSR.


 * Coincide** - occur at or during the same time : publication is timed to coincide with a major exhibition


 * Irrelevant** - immaterial, not pertinent, not germane, off the subject, unconnected, unrelated, peripheral, extraneous, inapposite, inapplicable; unimportant, inconsequential, insignificant, trivial; formal impertinent.

Identify:
 * War Communism** - (1918 - 1921) was the economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921.


 * // Identify //**


 * Alexandra** - city in egypt


 * Grigori Rasputin** - was a Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the latter days of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, his wife the Tsaritsa Alexandra, and their only son the Tsarevich Alexei.


 * Alexander Kerensky** - was a Russian politician. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Lenin was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution.


 * Bolshe-viks** - a member of the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed the Communist Party after seizing power in the October Revolution of 1917.

Leon Trotsky. Russian revolutionary; born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein. He helped to organize the October Revolution with Lenin and built up the Red Army.
 * V. I. Lenin** - was the Communist Russian revolutionary who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolshevik Party, he was premier of the USSR during its initial years (1917–24), during which the Bolsheviks fought the Russian Civil War (1917–24) whilst establishing a socialist economic system in a semi–feudal country.


 * // Questions //**


 * 1. How did World War I contribute to the start of the Russian Revolution?** The revolution itself was visibly evident of the Germans being able to draw troops from the Eastern front entirely to the Western Front. Since America was in essence rooting for the British and French since the bad U-boat encounters with the Germans had precipitated negative sentiment to the Germans, this was a significant motive for US Congressional declaration of war on the Central Powers. With the Reinforcements, the war that was once a terrible stalemate swung in favor of the Allies, as the Marne Offensive was repulsed. (This answer alone by Stupidnerd. All other edits were to from other contributors in the repairing of this answer)

The 1917 Revolution was over and the war was very unpopular. Lenin needed peace at any cost and the concessions he made in this Treaty would be void if the West defeated Germany. It was a win, win, for the Bolsheviks so they signed on 3 March 1918.
 * 2. Why did Lenin sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?** Russian losses in the early stages of WW-1 had reached into the millions.


 * 3. What was the White Army? What groups made it up?** The white army was made up of very different groups. There where those who supported the return to rule by czar, others who wanted democratic government, and even socialists who opposed Lenin's style of socialism. Their only desire to beat the Bolsheviks united the white army but instead made them weaker by rarely cooperating with each other giving the red army an advantage and eventually defeating them.


 * 4. Why did the Communists win the civil war in Russia?** Bolsheviks united the white army but instead made them weaker by rarely cooperating with each other giving the red army an advantage and eventually defeating them.


 * // Dates //**

March 8th: protest against bread rationing March 10th: general strike March 12th: Duma Created March 15th: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates as a consequence of Russian Revolution. April: Lenin return! March 3rd 1918: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  // Lenin's Rise to power: //
 * July 16th 1918: Tsar Nicholas II and his family executed **

1.Civil unrest General strikes 2. Provisional Government established 3.Csar gone Abdicates (Personally) 4.Germans return Lenin to Russia 5.Uses soviets to overthrow Provincial Governments**
 * (In Country)

// Define // :
Concentrate - A concentrate is a form of substance which has had the majority of its base component (in the case of a liquid: the solvent) removed. Typically this will be the removal of water from a solution or suspension such as the removal of water from fruit juice.


 * Armistice -** a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace.


 * Consistent -** In logic, a consistent theory is one that does not contain a contradiction[1]. The lack of contradiction can be defined in either semantic or syntactic terms.


 * Reparation -** refers to the payments and transfers of property and equipment that Germany was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles (1919) following its defeat during World War I. Article 231 of the Treaty (the so-called 'war guilt' clause) declared Germany and its allies responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations.


 * Clause - A provision or condition affecting the terms of a contract. **


 * Mandate -** the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory
 * // Identify //**:


 * Erich von Ludendorff -** was a German Army officer, victor of Leíge, and, with Paul von Hindenburg, one of the victors of the battle of Tannenburg. From August 1916 his appointment as Generalquartiermiester made him joint head (with von Hindenburg) of Germany's war effort. From this point on he ran Germany's war effort in World War I until his resignation in October 1918.


 * Friedrich Ebert -** a German politician, was the first President of Germany in the Weimar Republic.


 * David Lloyd George -** he was a key figure in the introduction of many reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state. He was the last Liberal to be Prime Minister, as his coalition premiership was supported more by Conservatives than by his own Liberals, and the subsequent split was a key factor in the decline of the Liberal Party as a serious political force. When he eventually became leader of the Liberal Party a decade later he was unable to lead it back to power.


 * Georges Clemenceau -** served as the prime minister of France from 1906-1909 and 1917-1920. For nearly the final year of World War I he led France, and was one of the major voices behind the Treaty of Versailles. He is commonly nicknamed "le Tigre" (the Tiger) and "le Père-la-Victoire" (Father Victory) for his determination as a wartime leader.


 * 1. What was the effect of the U.S. entry into World War I?** It provided the Allies with numerical and economic superiority that would have eventually broke the stalemate of trench warfare. Germany surrendered to avoid being invaded as a result.