Unit+12

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 * // Define: //**


 * aid - help: give help or assistance; be of service

satellite state - refers to a country that is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.

policy of containment - Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect". A policy designed to stop the spread of Communism!

occupy - To fill either time or space; To live or reside in; To fill or hold a position; To conquer somewhere; To hold the attention of

creation - the action or process of bringing something into existence

arms race - a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments (military weapons and equipment)

deterrence - the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety

administration - a method of tending to or managing the affairs of a some group of people

communications - the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting information and the methods by which it is delivered

domino theory -** the political theory that if one nation comes under communist control then neighboring nations will also come under communist control; **Specifically Southeast Asia**

**// Identify: //**
 * Truman Doctrine**: the principle that the U.S. should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by U.S. President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War.

1.The United States Secretary of State. 2.He played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. 3.His most famous decision was convincing Truman to intervene, in June 1950, in the Korean War.
 * Dean Acheson**: (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971)


 * Marshall Plan**:A program of financial aid and other initiatives, sponsored by the U.S., designed to boost the economies of western European countries after World War II. It was originally advocated by Secretary of State George C. Marshall and passed by Congress in 1948. Official name European Recovery Program.

1.An association of European and North American countries, formed in 1949 for the defense of Europe and the North Atlantic against the perceived threat of Soviet aggression. 2.By 2005, the alliance consisted of 26 countries, including several eastern European nations. NATO's purpose is to safeguard member countries by political and military means.
 * NATO**:North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

1. It was made by communist states of Europe under Soviet influence, in response to the admission of West Germany to NATO. 2.The pact was dissolved in 1991.
 * Warsaw Pact**:A treaty of mutual defense and military aid signed at Warsaw on May 14, 1955.

1.A defense alliance that existed between 1954 and 1977 for countries of Southeast Asia and part of the southwestern Pacific. 2.It was to further a U.S. policy of containing communism. 3.Its members were Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S.
 * SEATO**:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

1.It's original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO. 2.It was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. 3.It was dissolved in 1979.
 * CENTO**:Central Treaty Organization

1.A Soviet statesman. 2.He came close to war with the U.S. over the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 and also clashed with China. 3.This led to his being ousted by Brezhnev and Kosygin.
 * Nikita Khrushchev**:(1894–1971)


 * < Alliance ||< Members ||
 * < NATO ||< 1.United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. ||
 * < Warsaw Pact ||< 2.Soviet Union, Albania(until 1968), Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany(until 1990), Hungary, Poland, Romania ||
 * < SEATO ||< 3.Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the U.S. ||
 * Cento || 4.Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, UK, U.S. ||

//**// **What was the Marshall Plan?** ** it was the primary program, 1947–51, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe.
 * // Questions

****Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become involved in an arms race? the US was concerned that a Soviet Military build-up might threaten our military dominance over that nation. It was the policy of the US at that time to contain communism from spreading. In order to contain it, the US had to convince the Soviet Union that our military was stronger than their military. Also, it was necessary to convince the Soviets that should they attack us, our retaliation would destroy their country. **

**What was the domino theory?** the theory that a political event in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of upended dominoes to fall.

**Was it right or wrong?** wrong

**Why?** It has a shortfall, it does not say anything about making the system safe.

**//
 * Explain why the Berlin Wall was built: It was to keep East Germans from escaping to the West side for freedom.

//**
 * // Define:

  **de-Stalinization** **-** **refers to the process of eliminating the cult of personality and Stalinist political system created by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.
 * heavy industry** - those secondary industries using bulk raw materials for both energy (eg coal) and production (eg ores).
 * conform** - adjust: adapt or conform oneself to new or different conditions

****symbol** **-** something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible
 * // Identify: //**

** Alexander Solzhenitsyn ** - (December 11, 1918 – August 3, 2008); helped to make the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system; exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974; returned to Russia in 1994.

** Tito ** - (25 May 1892 – 4 May 1980); went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Yugoslav Partisans (1941–45); was the authoritarian Prime Minister (1943–63); later President (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

** Imre Nagy ** - (June 7, 1896 – June 16, 1958); appointed Prime Minister of Hungary; Second term ended because his non-Soviet-backed government was brought down; executed for treason

** Alexander Dubček ** - (27 November 1921 – 7 November 1992); Leader of Czechoslovakia; attempted to reform communist regime; became chairman of Czezo-slovak parliament

(A) Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (E) East Germany (H) People's Republic of Hungary (M) Mongolian People's Republic ** (P) People's Republic of Bulgaria (T) Tuvan People's Republic
 * After World War II, six countries in Eastern Europe became Soviet satellite states. Identify these six countries:


 * // Questions: //**

Why were Albania and Yugoslavia able to remain free of Soviet control? Due to the Warsaw pact. Use a table to identify the policies of Stalin and those of Khrushchev.**
 * How did the emphasis on heavy industry affect the Soviet people? Consumer goods became high in demand, as everything was becoming heavy industry and the people needed things that come from light industries.


 * =  ||= Stalin ||= Khruschev ||
 * =  ||= Industrialize ||= Improve citizens' lives ||
 * =  ||= 5-Year Plans ||= Defense with missiles(as opposed to conventional forces) ||

// Define: //

 * welfare state** - a system whereby the government undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, esp. those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits.


 * role** - position, job , post , office , duty , responsibility , mantle , place ; function , part.


 * bloc** - a combination of countries, parties, or groups sharing a common purpose


 * real wages** - refers to wages that have been adjusted for inflation. This term is used in contrast to nominal wages or unadjusted wages.


 * civil rights movement** - was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.


 * consumer society** - a society in which the buying and selling of goods and services is themost important social and economic activity.


 * women’s liberation movement** - refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights and legal protections for women.


 * publish** - prepare and issue (a book, journal, piece of music, or other work) for public sale