How+The+Earth+Was+Made

Questions!
 Geology as a profession is only about how old? 200 years 

Who is considered the Father of Modern Geology? James Hutton 

According to early interpretation of the Bible, the Earth is how old? 6,000 years old 

What feature studied in "geologic time" indicated to Hutton that the Earth had to be more than 6000 years old? he found rock formations that layed horizontally under the ocean floor  The Earth was formed by meteor  collisions with the proto-Earth

Lord Kelvin's age of the Earth was based upon the cooling  of a molten crust

In 1911 used radioactivity to estimate an accurate age of the Earth to be how old? Holmes 

Radioactive uranium decays to lead <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The accepted age of the Earth is <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">4.5 billion <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> years old.

The Barberton Hills of South Africa have <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">pillow lava <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> that show the planet had oceans by 3.5 billion years (b.y.) ago.

Many Geologist now believe that much of the Earth's water came from <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">comets and asteriods <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> rather then out of gassing volcanic activity

By 4.0 b.y. ago <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">90 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> % of the Earth was covered with

The early atmosphere around 4.0 b.y. was ~200 degrees F mainly due to <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">carbon dioxide. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The nucleus of the continents appears around 3.4 b.y. and are composed of <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">granite <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

Superheated mixing with basalt can form <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">water <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The shallow coastal waters of the new continents 3.5 B.Y. ago hosted Earth's first life; the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">stromatolites <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The new life strips what out of the atmosphere and adds what to it? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">it strips carbon dioxide and puts in oxygen <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

Seas change from to due to the oxidation of iron in the water. <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">they changed from green to blue <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The world's supply of iron ore is mined from rocks called the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Banded Iron Formation <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

By 1.5 B.Y. the continents cover <span style="background-color: #00ff00; color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">55 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> % of the Earth's surface and are moving about in a theory we call <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">playtechtonics <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> today

The meteorologist in 1912 proposed continental drift based upon what evidence? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ice flows <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

Oceanic floor is continuously being <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">recycled <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The island of Iceland is situated on the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">mid-Atlantic bridge <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The fissure canyons of Iceland are opening at a rate of <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> inch/year.

Plate motion can be traced back to <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">2.5 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> b.y. when Canada and the U.S form the core of the super continent called <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Rodinia <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The Earth became a snowball when the super continent blocked the redistribution of heat by ocean currents.

Life at the time was brought to near <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">extinction <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

Rodinia was split by <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">volcanic <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> activity and the Earth's atmosphere was briefly warmed by <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">CO2 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

Sea water was rich in <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">oxygen <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Burgess <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Shale in the Canadian Rockies is a treasure trove of <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Cambrian <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Period fossils.

Fossils at the beginning of the Paleozoic show the adaptation of these features not seen in earlier fossils? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Teeth, barred shells, eyes, skeleton <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere allowed the formation of the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ozone <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> which became a shield for what radiation? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ultraviolet <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The first life to move ashore some 300-400 million (m.y.) ago were <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">plants <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The Carboniferous, part of which is the Pennsylvanian, was a time of widespread <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">swamps <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> that accumulated <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">plant matter <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> later to be transformed to <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">coal <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

240 m.y ago the continents were re-assembled into a second super continent called <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Pangea <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The high levels of oxygen and CO2 lead to the rise of the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">dinosaurs <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> in the Mesozoic.

Dinosaur means: <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">terrible lizard <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

180 m.y <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">pangea <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> ago was split apart by an upsurge in volcanism the put large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere causing to the climate <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">to warm up <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The diamonds of Kimberly occur in what kind of features?

The end of the Mesozoic, 65 m.y. ago saw an extinction rate of <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">75 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">% and is believed to be due to a <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">meteor <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> on the north end of the Yucatan Peninsula in <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Mexico <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The tombstone meteorite contains the rare element <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Iridium <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

At the same time great outpourings of lava in <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">India <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> were adding dust and gasses to the atmosphere.

The demise of the dinosaurs led to the expansion of the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">mammals <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> as the new dominant life form

The Alps represent the collision of <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">African <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> and <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">European continents <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The top of the Matterhorn has rocks from <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Africa <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

All mountains owe their origin to <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Platetechtonics <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The height of mountains is a determined by what two major processes? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">uplift and erosion <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The uplift of the Plateau by the American plate over riding the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Colorado <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> plate has caused the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Colorado <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> River to cut the Grand Canyon.

About 2 m.y. ago the Isthmus of <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Panama <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> was formed disrupting ocean currents and bringing on the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ice age <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

<span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Land bridge <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> closed the isthmus.

Glaciers move like slow moving <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">rivers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> What major American city was once covered by a massive glacier? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">New York City <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

Deposits from glaciers created <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Long <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Island and Cape <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Cod <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">.

The basins of the <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Great <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Lakes were carved by the glaciers.

The retreat of icecaps and glaciers most recently occurred how many years ago? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">10,000 <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

Do geologists think there will be another advance of the icecaps and glaciers? <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">yupp <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

The Great Plate Tectonic "machine" will someday <span style="background-color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">stop


 * 250 million years ago, mantle plume eruptions in Siberia are going to kill off 95% of everything.